Modern technologies like search engines and social media reshape the information environment in response to user behavior [cinelli_echo_2021, leung_narrow_2025]. As algorithms optimize for relevance and engagement, they construct environments that reflect and reinforce users’ existing search strategies. For instance, when seeking information online, people will often use search terms that narrowly reflect their hypothesis [leung_narrow_2025, e.g., “caffeine health risks (benefits)” instead of “caffeine health effects”;]. Search engines retrieve results that match these queries, effectively validating the user’s biased hypothesis with a skewed sample of resources. As a result, users’ existing beliefs are reinforced. Critically, people do not recognize their queries as biased or spontaneously correct for this.
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